Contemporary Issue in Health and Social Care Essay

Introduction Social media has played and has been playing a crucial role in the development of health and social care in United Kingdom (UK). Since the emerge of the health and social care sector, social media has been performing a tremendous role as the health and social care is becoming an industry and without this industry social and economic development of UK would not be possible. This report covers the role of media for the development of health and social care. At the very beginning a snapshot of the role of media on the creation of public concern about health and social care will be discussed with evidence. The ways by which media publishes and considers about the health and social care issues will be discussed. Different perspectives of public issues regarding the health and social care will also be discussed in brief. The likely influence of different perspective on the development of service sector will also be discussed. Information relating to the health and social care that gives rise to issues of concern to the public 1.1 Information relating to health and social care to reach the public domain According to Cleland and Gareis (2006) health and social care sector is not only a sensitive one but also a crucial one for the public health. Normal people are much more concerned about the health and social care issues and almost all the time they had no information about health and social care. Mass media has come forward to solve the problem and they are almost fully successful in solving the problem regarding the information gap of the public. Side by side there are other different ways by which information relating to social and health care is transmitted to the public (Godden, 2014). Mass media like TV, Radio, newspaper, and the internet are to be attributed for the information dissemination. Besides the mass media, social media has also played a crucial role. Facebook, Twitter, and other social medi a have contributed a lot in this respect (Minniti and Moren, 2010). For example: If any new  vaccine related to Cancer is introduced, then mass media along with social media make a joint effort to disseminate the information to the cancer affected people all around UK. That is how information is disseminated about health and social issues. 1.2 Techniques to disseminate information relating to health and social care AJOL (2014) refers that dissemination of information related to health and social care is a sectorial policy taken by the UK government. There are some common methods by which health and social care information can be disseminated to the public and related parties. These most common methods are use of radios, pamphlets, television, and educational campaigns. Use of report cards and accreditation are two mechanisms that are most commonly used for the information dissemination related to the health and social care. UK citizens are very much concerned about their health and social care issues and they listen, understand, and take relative actions to apply this information for the effective and efficient health care sector (The Guardian. 2014). Use of pamphlets is one of the most effective ways to disseminate information. UK government and related ministry has also made it available through radios, televisions, and running campaigns which are educational (Minniti and Moren, 2010). For example Dissemination of information related to health and social cares is important for the education of the patients and citizens about the likely causes of Malaria and thus take strategic actions in this respect. 1.3 Ways in which information can influence the attitudes, thoughts, and behavior of people Information that is being provided are not made for something vain rather this information have a great influence on the attitudes thoughts, and behavior of the people of United Kingdom (UK). The evaluation of the information collected from different sources about health and social care and the influence of the information will be focused here (Ravasi and Schultz, 2006). Mass media has a strong liaison and this strong interpersonal relationship with different sources of information results in an unveiling of health and social care related information to the public. Common people are completely influenced by the information provided by the sources. As the sources of information has been int roduced in the previous section, it is state worthy that social and health care information has  changed the attitudes, thoughts, and behavior of common people. Mass media along with social media make people much more aware about their health and safety issues (Godden, 2014). For example: Before the invention of Facebook, any movement that had to be taken place faced great difficulty. But as Facebook grows and other mass media are getting concerned about the rights of them from the society, any nonviolent movement is taking place without such effort than previously had done (Mcclimens, et al, 2012). People are conscious about various contagious diseases and much more aware about their contribution to the society. They are also focused on their rights from the society. Their contribution to the society and the benefits they are deriving from the society are summed to take them to a balancing position or situation (AJOL, 2014). LO2 Understanding how issues of public concern related to health and social care are presented in the media 2.1 Ways in which media can be used to influence the attitudes and behavior of people in relation to health and social care issues Ravasi and Schultz(2006) Statesas it is mentioned in the previous section, mass media and social media in UK and perhaps all around the world is dedicated to the health and social care of the people. People’s attitude and behavior has changed and has been upgrading with the help of mass media especially in case of health and social care issues. Mass media is one of the main catalysts in the development of the positive attitudes and behaviors of the people. People are now much more aware of the use of social care services. They use child care services; they use more residential nursing care; they use residential care facilities and many more others (The Guardian. 2014). Conferencing is one of the ways by which mass media can be used for influencing people for their attitudes and behavior toward health and social care (The Guardian. 2014). Use of social media for the improvement of the awareness of the health and social care issues can be another way by which media can be used. For example Through different media advertising, many messages can be convened to the  public to change the attitudes about the health and social care. 2.2 Evaluation of the public assessment of the reliability and validity of media information about health and social care According to Hscic (2014) information that are being provided and published in mass media is not trustworthy always, so, the degree or magnitude of dependence on this information varies. Some media reports health and social care issues on behalf of government and they always praise the actions taken by government. Still some other media always make an evaluation of the actions taken by government in relation to health and social care issues and give their insightful recommendation. So, how people accept media information and, if accept, the degree of acceptance is a matter of great concern (Godden, 2014). People are very much concerned about the reliability and validity of the media information relating to the health and social care issues. Their dependence on the information is based on the transparency, honesty, and giving voice to the public. For example People will not be convinced if any mass media declares anything that is supernatural and about the health and social care issues. Different technical and business level factors are considered if any information is unveiled about health and social care (Csikaiand Bass2001). LO3 Being able to carry out research into different perspectives on a specific issue relating to health and social care 3.1 Research into different perspectives on a specific issue relating to health and social care According to BMJ (2014) there are many issues regarding the health and social care in United Kingdom (UK). These issues build up the different perspectives of health and social care issues. Different perspectives of the different issues of health and social sector will be discussed in this section of analysis. The most common and most influential issue of the health and social care is to meet the increased demand for services. Every government in the world has been tightening their budgets and the budget for health and social care has been decreasing at a slow pace (BMJ, 2014). One perspective of that issue of the health and social care is the budget restrictions. So, a little number of health and social care jobs are created. Another perspective is the increased number of private organizations in the social care sector like residential nursing, child day care, non-residential social care etc. (AJOL,  2014). Hardill et al (2005) States still another perspective is the less interesting issues to the students. As government makes less budget people are not so interested in developing their career in this sector. For example: It is difficult to secure a good job in the health and social care immediately after the graduation. So, employment opportunity is not created more than expected. 3.2 Monitoring of the changes of different perspectives regarding health and social care issues These different perspectives derived from the issues of health and social care have been changing with the passage of time. Change is a common phenomenon for every material of the world. So, perspectives regarding the health and social care have also been seeing a constant change as people’s attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors are changing. One issue of the health and social care is increased demand for services and different perspectives of the issue are the budget restrictions, lower employment opportunity, and uninteresting job to the graduates. These different issues have been changing with the passage of time in United Kingdom as well all around the world. One change is the increased demand for the social services. Peo ple are now most focused on the use of child day care and residential care facilities. Still another change is the emergence of the private sector in the health and social care sector (Hscic, 2014) For example People now are getting much busier and this leads to the increased demand for the social care services. Obviously, the standard of living has a positive correlation with the increased demand of the social care services. 3.3 Assessment of the relevance of the findings practically in the local arena UK has a strong health and social care sector and this sector has also been noticing a significant change as time passes. The local change in the perspectives of the issues of health and social care can also be attributed to the global change in the health and social sector (BMJ, 2014). The world’s health and social care has been seeing positive changes in recent years. Even in developed countries like India and Bangladesh, social and health care sector is about to boom. For example: In India, it is mandatory to make the life insurance at the very advent of  the birth of a child as like in the United States of America. UK is also monitoring a positive change in the health and social care sector and issues. In the local environment, people are also becoming much more aware about the services that can be expected from the government. Social care sector is observing a boom in the economy and the government is now transferring its duty to the private sector for the social services. The government is taking the position of monitoring the health and social care service institutions (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). 3.4 Factors that have influenced on the development of different perspectives According to Minniti and Moren (2010) various social and economic factors lead to the changes in the different perspectives of the issues of health and social sector. These social and economic issues affect the behavior of the people toward the development of the attitudes toward the health and social issues. Interpersonal relationship among the people also has an impact(Hscic, 2014). These factors that have a significant impact on the development of the different perspectives of the issues of the health and social sector are following here: There are different factors that lead to the development of different perspectives of the issues of the health and social care. These factors are: Life factors, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors, physical factors, social and political factors, lifestyle factors, emotional factors, etc. are different factors in the development of the different perspectives of health and social care. For example Genetic factors, physical factors, intellectual factors can be considered as factors under the life factors. The way of behaving and the cultural orientation of the society are also influential factors. These factors lead to the development of the issues of the health and social care and thus bringing changes in the community. LO4 Understanding the likely influence of different perspectives on the development of services 4.1 Analysis of the extent to which local attitudes reflect national level Local, local, and many other local attitudes make the national attitudes. So, within a country, like UK, there may have some dissimilarity among the attitudes of the people, as country is divided into many local areas and attitudes. Local attitudes make up the aggregate attitude which is national attitude. Local attitudes toward different issues and perspectives of health and  social care reflect the national level attitude. There is positive correlation between the development of local atti tude and national attitude (Cleland and Gareis, 2006) For example A survey is conducted by the NHS of UK with a question â€Å"Do you think that Britain’s health services are one of the best in the world?† 59% of the respondents replied positively whereas 33% disagree with the opinion and the remaining other said they don’t know (NHS. 2014). This example illustrates the national level attitude about the health and social care and it can be said that people are satisfied with what are being provided and the level of satisfaction is high. Health and social care sector is a sensitive sector as this sector is related to the life of the people. 4.2 Evaluation of the validity of public attitudes and behaviors in relation to a specific issue Public sometimes overact in different issues about health and social care. Their overreaction may lead to suspension of some good bills and at times which is catastrophic for the common people. In case of some specific issues public attitudes and behavior must have to be evaluated and the validity of their action will have to be measured (NHS. 2014). In the previous example it is clear that people are much more convinced about what they are getting from the government and public. Still some others reacted negatively and others made no comments on the issue. It is overreaction about the issue of health and social care. Peoples normally have positive experiences of the services being offered by NHS. NHS also makes direct communication and has strong media coverage. For example Mass media develops the public attitude toward the health and social care issues and an issue can be the â€Å"Satisfaction of the people services being offered by NHS† 26% people say that government has adopted right policies for the NHS whereas 44% says not. 54% people are satisfied with the national level services of NHS whereas 23% are not. 68% people are satisfied with the local NHS services (NHS. 2014). 4.3 Justification of the possible consequences of contemporary thinking for health and social care provision and services Csikai and Bass (2001)refers if people are not sophisticated enough and still remain in the Stone Age about the thinking of the health and social issues, these may lead to severe consequences. Thoughts which are  contemporary being replaced are by modern thoughts. One day, who knows, man would make it possible to invent the vaccines of AIDS. The most contemporary issues in the health and social care are the standards of the services in the hospitals especially for the elderly people or the senior citizens. Mass media can reflect the issues of the health and social care. One of the main consequences of the contemporary thinking about the health and social care is the education about the health and social care will be low. The contemporary attitude toward the health and social care may be catastrophic as people do not change their views about the medic and medicine as well as social services(Hscic, 2014) Conclusion There exists a positive relationship between public opinion of the issue and development of related social policy. Social media has played an important role in this regard as they are making the health and social care for the public a more interesting and concerning one. Social and health care has emerged as a prospective sector within UK and media has played a crucial role in the development of this industry. Mass media make the public aware of the need of the health and social care and health and social care is now an emerging sector in UK. The local health issues and attitudes contribute a lot to the international arena. Education of the people is important in this respect and different publication can be used for health and social care. References Online 1. NHS. (2014). Health Care in UK. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/HomePage.aspx. Last accessed 2nd March 2014. 2. The Guardian. (2014). the role of technology in integrating health and social care | live discussion. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/feb/26/technology-health-social-care-integration. Last accessed 2nd March 2014. 3. Godden, D. et. al. (2014). â€Å"Contemporary issues in rural health care† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 4. AJOL, (2014). â€Å"The role of media in disseminating information† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 5. Hscic, (2014). â€Å"Health and social care information center† [online] available at: [accessed on 16th February, 2014] 6. BMJ, (2014). â€Å"Reliability of health information for the public† [online] available at: < http://www.bmj.com/content/> [accessed on 16th February, 2014] Journals 1. Minniti, M. and Moren, L. (2010). â€Å"Entrepreneurial types and economic growth†, Journal of Business Venturing, 25 (3): 305-314. 2. Ravasi, D., Schultz, M. (2006), â€Å"Responding to organizational identity threats: exploring the role of organizational culture†, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.49, No.3, pp. 433–458. 3. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). â€Å"The Promise of Entrepreneurship as A Field of Research†, Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. Books 1. Cleland, D. I. Gareis, R. (2006). Global Project Management Handbook. â€Å"Chapter 1: â€Å"The evolution of project management†. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. ISBN 0-07-146045-4 2. Csikai, E. L. and Bass, K. 2001. Health care social workers’ views of ethical issues, practice, and policy in end-of-life care. Social Work in Health Care, 32 (2), pp. 1–22. 3. Hardill, I., Spradbery, J., Arnold-Boakes, J. and Marrugat, M. L. 2005. Severe health and social care issues among British migrants who retire to Spain. Ageing and Society, 25 (5), pp. 769–784. 4. Mcclimens, A., Bosworth, D., Brewster, J. and Nutting, C. 2012. Contemporary issues in the training of UK health and social care professionals—looking after people with a learning disability. Nurse education today, 32 (7), pp. 817–821.

Role of Financial Institutions in the Global Economy

Globalization has sparked a revolution in information and communication technology, resulting in the emergence of an era that boasts the arrival of new levels of global interconnectedness. As a result, globalization has also increased the significance of the many different roles that financial institutions play in the overall global economy. Financial institutions can play several roles, ranging from operating as a simple method of savings, to functioning as an important revitalization source in a low-income community. This paper will explain the general role of financial institutions in the global economy, will touch on more significant individual roles, and discuss the overall role of international financial institutions. Research indicates that a financial institutions' role as an intermediary is clearest in the credit and deposit business (Krayer, 2002). The usual function involves clients bringing to the bank their savings, or money which the bank transfers to its credit clients in the form of loans. In the loan instance, a borrower's credit rating may change during the life of a loan, thereby changing the value of the loan at that point in time, which reflects the interest and amortization payments expected in the future (Krayer, 2002). In some cases, credits may even become entirely worthless if borrowers become insolvent and bankrupt (Krayer, 2002). Another function which banks perform within an economy is rating and selecting the loans they finance. Through their activities as an agent, another essential function performed by banks is to reduce risks overall (Krayer, 2002). In this way, the general role of banks is to undertake and provide specific products or services. Financial institutions also play an additional role within an economy by granting loans, processing payments, accepting deposits, and carrying out investments. Through these activities, banks create added value for their clients, employees, service providers and shareholders. As a result, there is a significant amount of potential damage were a bank to collapse. Thus, the economic benefits generated by a bank are basically no different from the economic benefits generated by a doctor, teacher or train driver: by exercising, to the best of their knowledge and abilities, their specialist function in competition with others, companies and their employees make their contribution to economic benefit (Krayer, 2002). Research indicates that bankers act responsibly when they ensure that their house is in order and resist the temptation to pass off poor financial performance as a contribution to the economy (Krayer, 2002). Larger financial institutions play an additional role than just that of providing typical banking services. Financial institutions can form the core of economic development in a low-income community. For example, the World Bank's focus is on project lending and structural reforms that enhance long-run development and poverty alleviation (Stiglitz, 1998). The role of the World Bank in the global economy is to address pressing issues such as weak financial sectors, lack of transparency and poor governance in the corporate sectors, and weaknesses in external liability management will help restore confidence among foreign and domestic investors (Stiglitz, 1998). In this way, the World Bank acts to reactivate poor economies and thus to protect and extend social and economic achievements. In poorer countries, the World Bank appears to operate in coordination with the government as it steps in and fills the income-security gap that is left by companies closing and workers losing their jobs. Over the longer term, the World Bank will be working with countries to help them design modern, durable social safety nets that complement their other structural reforms (Stiglitz, 1998). Finally, as illustrated above, the role of financial institutions is very diverse, as communities depend on them for basic transactions such as savings and loans. In the larger view, however, banks operate as the financial support of an economy, the stabilization of which the community depends on.

Cover Letters for a Scholarship Personal Statement

Cover Letters for a Scholarship - Personal Statement Example Besides my academic qualifications, I have demonstrated competencies in extra curriculum activities including leadership abilities, sports participation, and entrepreneurship. I, for example, currently serve as the UBC’s Ski and Board club elected executive officer. The club, under my leadership, has organized major events and introduced new ones. I am also an established athlete who has participated in international competitions and won national awards in athletics, including being ranked among the nation’s top three skiers. In addition, I have been actively involved in community development leadership as a volunteer coach and a photography donor. My entrepreneurial ventures include establishing and running a personal photographer shop, S6 Photo, and Hayden Wake enterprise that offers instructional services in business operations and sports facilities. I am therefore the most suitable candidate for the scholarship as I have the qualities that the scholarship seeks to d evelop. I look forward to your kind consideration that stands to explore my potentials. I shall be ready to discuss more myself when called upon. Yours sincerely, Essex Prescott. Ec: Resume Essex Prescott Canada: 778.987.7707†¢U.S.: 208.661.8465†¢essexprescott@gmail.com 2686 W. 14th Avenue†¢ Vancouver, B.C. V6K 2W6 September 15, 2012, The director Peter Armstrong Scholarship Ontario Canada Dear Sir/Madam, I hereby offer my application for the scholarship position that you have offered. The scholarship has drawn my interest because it offers an opportunity for the development of my established entrepreneurial competence for larger forms of business organizations. I am currently a Bachelor of Commerce student at the University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business, with demonstrated entrepreneurial competence in sole proprietorship ventures and an outlined plan for a larger family based business. My entrepreneurial ventures include establishing and running a pe rsonal photographer shop, S6 Photo, and Hayden Wake enterprise that offers instructional services in business operations and sports facilities. While at the University of British Columbia, I have developed a high-level leadership capacity that culminated to my election as the executive officer of UBC’s Ski and Board Club, a university social club with 1500 members. My leadership abilities have helped the club in organizing numerous major sports events and introducing new sports activities. This, together with other leadership roles, has won me awards such as the President’s Entrance Award, Outstanding Leadership Award for Volunteer services and the nomination for International Student Leadership Award. I have also demonstrated initiative and innovative capacities through my established businesses that have always been profitable and competitive. I am therefore the most suitable candidate for this scholarship position because of my demonstrated competencies, the kind th at the scholarship seeks to develop. I look forward to your kind consideration that will further enhance my potentials to become a productive member of society. I shall be ready to discuss more myself when called upon.  

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

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Serpico Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Christian ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

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Employee Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Chu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chu - Essay Example The school has remained to be one of the altenatives in the 11th century as a Confuniacism mainstream (Kim, 2000). Consequently, the philosophy need to be recommended because of the inherent interest that it holds. The philosophy focuses on the social and moral problems which are perfect guidelines for leaders of Chu. The natural knowledge of philosophy is of great value to the leaders since they have a key role in investigation of things.Additionally, the philosophy are weighted heavily on the social and moral concerns with the objects and knowledge failing to be excluded form the ‘wu’ conception (Kim, 2000). Closely related to the philosophical aspect is the belief that the moral order underlaid the natural world and offered a cosmic basis for the morality. This has been recognized by the founders of Neo-Confucian moral philosophy. That is the reason why the shift is considered as the key achievement since the philosophy exists without the help of cultural tradition. The main outcome of the philosophy was a rising importance of moral cultivation in comparison with cultural accompl ishments and

Balance in the Administration of Justice Security Paper Essay

Balance in the Administration of Justice Security Paper - Essay Example This usually holds true too in other nations. They have their own ways of educating and updating their citizens of the current plans and implements. This is for the purpose of ensuring that the government is functioning for the service of the people, to uphold their rights and secure their territories. There are certain sectors that are very particular with the repercussions in the legal system of the goals aimed for. In the piece, Communications Privacy in the Digital Age (1997), a number of legal issues confronted by people in general are laid out. First of these issues is the fact of making 'Wiretapping' permissible to be used in dealing with certain crimes. Formerly, 'wiretapping' was allowed only for serious crimes that threaten the national security. Today, the list included crimes such as fraudulent statements in documents and applications as well the causing of destruction in any property owned by the State. Another point highlighted in the articles is the need to make more productive results in proposed actions. There are illegal practices that contravene the purpose of justice and security. The item also mentioned the authorizations provided by courts in proceeding with 'electronic surveillance' and the reaction to such through suggesting other methods to be used to acqu ire data. Most of the time also, the parties concerned contest the method of obtaining data quite too late and they barely survive to win in the proceedings ("Communications Privacy in the Digital Age", 1997). The court of "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act" or FISA already demonstrated that in its seventeen years of existence, there was never an instance that it denied a request for a "government electronic surveillance." In 1996 alone, there were about 839 orders given out and the statistics increases by twenty percent every year since then ("Communications Privacy in the Digital Age", 1997). Basically, what this piece emphasizes are the various implications to the legal and governmental system of the rules and procedures implemented just to respond to the needs of justice and security. This has been the cause of alarm for many people because the developments and advancements in technology can be abused and taken advantage of by those who have access to such. Changes in Technology and Mass Communication due to Justice and Security Reasons At this point, it is worthy to note that the piece, Communications Privacy in the Digital Age (1997), do indicate some key points of the improvement. These areas of development include 'Communications Methods,' 'Expansion,' 'Location Information and Monitoring,' 'Modifications in Wireless Service,' 'Internet Advancements,' and 'Computer Analysis.' These shall be discussed in detail below. However, at this point, the one concept discussed in the article to keep in mind is the so-called 'double-edged sword.' At one side, there is the governmental mechanism that takes opportune of the endless possibilities offered by technology. On the other side, the public fears such possibilities because of the tendency for the power to corrupt and for authority to abuse. Thus, it is imperative to be aware and cautious of the various marks of development adopted and implemented ("Communications

The Life and History of Jesse Stuart Essay Example for Free

The Life and History of Jesse Stuart Essay Jesse Stuart (1907— ) was the son of an illiterate tenant farmer from eastern Kentucky. Jesse Stuart had little formal education as a child. When he finally managed to attend high school, and then college, he discovered that he had a talent for writing. He has pursued a successful career as a writer, at the same time serving as a teacher and administrator in southern schools. In addition to short stories, Stuart has written poetry, novels, an autobiography (The Thread that Runs So True, 1958) and a biography of his father (Gods Oddling, 1960). It was from his father, that the author gained his great love of nature and appreciation individuality. LOVE Yesterday when the bright sun blazed down on the wilted corn my father and I walked around the edge of the new ground to plan a fence. The cows kept coming through the chestnut oaks on the cliff and running over the young corn. They bit off the tips of the corn and trampled down the stubble. My father walked in the cornbalk. Bob, our Collie, walked in front of my father. We heard a ground squirrel whistle down over the bluff among the dead treetops at the clearings edge. Whoop, take him, Bob, said my father. He lifted up a young stalk of corn, with wilted dried roots, where the ground squirrel had dug it up for the sweet grain of corn left on its tender roots. This has been a dry spring and the corn has kept well in the earth where the grain has sprouted. The ground squirrels love this corn. They dig up rows of it and eat the sweet grains. The young corn stalks are killed and we have to replant the corn. I can see my father keep sicking Bob after the ground squirrel. He jumped over the corn rows. He started to run toward the ground squirrel. I, too, started running toward the clearings edge where Bob was jumping and barking. The dust flew in tiny swirls behind our feet. There was a cloud of dust behind us. Its a big bull blacksnake, said my father. Kill him, Bob! Kill him, Bob! Bob was jumping and snapping at the snake so as to make it strike and throw itself off guard. Bob had killed twenty-eight copperheads this spring. He knows how to kill a snake. He doesnt rush to do it. He takes his time and does the job well. Lets dont kill the snake, I said. A blacksnake is a harmless snake. It kills poison snakes. It kills the copperhead. It catches more mice from the fields than a cat. I could see the snake didnt want to fight the dog. The snake wanted to get away. Bob wouldnt let it. I wondered why it was crawling toward a heap of black loamy earth at the bench of the hill. I wondered why it had come from the chestnut oak sprouts and the matted greenbriars on the cliff. I looked as the snake lifted its pretty head in response to one of Bobs jumps. Its not a bull blacksnake, I said. Its a she-snake. Look at the white on her throat. A snake is an enemy to me, my father snapped. I hate a snake. Kill it, Bob. Go in there and get that snake and quit playing with it! Bob obeyed my father. I hated to see him take this snake by the throat. She was so beautifully poised in the sunlight. Bob grabbed the white patch on her throat. He cracked her long body like an ox whip in the wind. He cracked it against the wind only. The blood spurted from her fine-curved throat. Something hit against my legs like pellets. Bob threw the snake down. I looked to see what had struck my legs. It was snake eggs. Bob had slung them from her body. She was going to the sand heap to lay her eggs, where the sun is the setting-hen that warms them and hatches them. Bob grabbed her body there on the earth where the red blood was running down on the gray-piled loam. Her body was still writhing in pain. She acted like a greenweed held over a new-ground fire. Bob slung her viciously many times. He cracked her limp body against the wind. She was now limber as a shoestring in the wind. Bob threw her riddled body back on the sand. She quivered like a leaf in the lazy wind, then her riddled body lay perfectly still. The blood colored the loamy earth around the snake. Look at the eggs, wont you? said my father. We counted thirty-seven eggs. I picked an egg up and held it in my hand. Only a minute ago there was life in it. It was an immature seed. It would not hatch. Mother sun could not incubate it on the warm earth. The egg I held in my hand was almost the size of a quails egg. The shell on it was thin and tough and the egg appeared under the surface to be a watery egg. Well, Bob, I guess you see now why this snake couldnt fight, I said, It is life. Stronger devour the weaker even among human beings. Dog kills snake. Snake kills birds. Birds kill the butterflies. Man conquers all. Man, too, kills for sport. Bob was panting. He walked ahead of us back to the house. His tongue was out of his mouth. He was tired. He was hot under his shaggy coat of hair. His tongue nearly touched the dry dirt and white flecks of foam dripped from it. We walked toward the house. Neither my father nor I spoke. I still thought about the dead snake. The sun was going down over the chestnut ridge. A lark was singing. It was late for a lark to sing. The red evening clouds floated above the pine trees on our pasture hill. My father stood beside the path. His black hair was moved by the wind. His face was red in the blue wind of day. His eyes looked toward the sinking sun. And my father hates a snake, I thought. I thought about the agony women know of giving birth. I thought about how they will fight to save their children. Then, I thought of the snake. I thought it was silly for me to think such thoughts. This morning my father and I got up with the chickens. He says one has to get up with the chickens to do a days work. We got the posthole digger, ax, spud, measuring pole and the mattock. We started for the clearings edge. Bob didnt go along. The dew was on the corn. My father walked behind with the posthole digger across his shoulder. I walked in front. The wind was blowing. It was a good morning wind to breathe and a wind that makes one feel like he can get under the edge of a hill and heave the whole hill upside down. I walked out the corn row where we had come yesterday afternoon. I looked in front of me. I saw something. I saw it move. It was moving like a huge black rope winds around a windlass. Steady, I says to my father. Here is the bull blacksnake. He took one step up beside me and stood. His eyes grew wide apart. What do you know about this, he said. You have seen the bull blacksnake now, I said. Take a good look at him! He is lying beside his dead mate. He has come to her. He, perhaps, was on her trail yesterday. The male snake had trailed her to her doom. He had come in the night, under the roof of stars, as the moon shed rays of light on the quivering clouds of green. He had found his lover dead. He was coiled beside her, and she was dead. The bull blacksnake lifted his head and followed us as we walked around the dead snake. He would have fought us to his death. He would have fought Bob to his death. Take a stick, said my father, and throw him over the hill so Bob wont find him. Did you ever see anything to beat that? Ive heard theyd do that. But this is my first time to see it. I took a stick and threw him over the bank into the dewy sprouts on the cliff.

The unemployment problem and possible solutions

The unemployment problem and possible solutions Unemployment is a residual and individual problem which effect on whole economy. By late the 1980s unemployment becomes a big policy and public consensus for the G5 countries (UK, USA, Japan, France and Germany). It continued argue that among the G5 countries the level of UK economy was an economy of Unemployment with all the human and economic waste and inefficiency such as an economy entails. In view of the rapid rise in unemployment that has occurred between 1990 and 1991. But recently the UK has lower unemployment rates than France and Germany. However a number of logical thought trying to explain the policy of unemployment rates and address the solution of Unemployment. Unemployment Unemployment defined as the numbers of people of working age who are able and available for work at current wage rates and who do not have a job. But the unemployment rates in the proportion of unemployed people in the economically active in labour force. Unemployment Rates calculated by: number of unemployed/number of economical active X100.There is two basic ways government can measure the unemployment rates such as The Claimant Count: means the number of people when claiming their unemployment benefit from government on any given period time. Labour Force Surveys: by this survey government count number of employed including number of unemployed people. According to Labour Force survey the graph shows that in 1990 unemployment rates fall at just over 6% where employment rates picked at just under 76%. Currently (source: IMF) UK unemployment rates more than 8% whereas Germany holds well above 10% unemployment rates. Zero Unemployment Rates It is true that the economy unemployment rate could not at zero if an economist full employment because there are two type of unemployment exist in our economy such as: Structural Unemployment: It occurs when consumer demand for the new product. For example when new technological progress has made skills blockage such as computer introduced white collar disappeared. Frictional Unemployment: It occurs when for the particular skill demand for labour and supply for labour are not match or people are not aware for the job opportunity or geographical match of workers ongoing process. Besides those reason unemployment could not zero for some institutional phenomenon such as: Minimum wage law may make it too expensive to hire a extra labour Government employment benefit reduce job interest Government restriction on institution may reduce job arability. Racism or gender discrimination may decrease interest of job. etc However there are numbers of principal schools of thought in macroeconomics offered the cause of unemployment such as Classical Thought Keyness Thought Neo -Classical Thought Monetarism Thought New classical Thought New Keynesian Thought Classical Thought The classical thought assumed that the economy would tend to full equilibrium if left its own. According classical theory, labour market operated demand of labour and supply of labour when balanced by price signals. From the graph shown that there is unemployment exist when excess labour supply (N2) and demand of labour (N3). The classical school of thought explain that if excess labour supply existence in economy, wages would fall(W1 to W*) until the labour market clearing equilibrium is restore, alternatively when excess labour demand existence labour shortage would push up wages and restore the equilibrium(NFull). Says Law is justified the classical view and law said that: supply creates its own demand. That means the economy is in a permanent state of full-employment equilibrium. Because says law guarantees any increase in output of goods and services will sold for sufficient demand and therefore firm will never reduce output or cut the jobs. However, if there is unemployment, market forces should quickly eliminate it and restore equilibrium. But after 1929-33 great depression the whole world economy collapsed in industrial capitalism and the classical school of theory could not explain the established economic wisdom. This depression eventually gave to raise Keynesian thought. Keynesian Thought Keynes his most famous work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) argued that could not settle at Equilibrium and it would not change the labour market situation because of aggregate demand. If aggregate demand fell, output and employment could fall and the economy could become trapped in a less than full-employment equilibrium. The graph shows that when demand for labour fall (D1 to D2) the wage also fall (W to W1) and unemployment would formed (ab). Nevertheless 1970s continuous unemployment and inflection failed the Keynesians demand deficient unemployment and this argument considered as Keynesians two analytical frame works such as the 45 degree model and the Philips curve which is known as a Neo- classical theory. Neo Classical Thought According the neo classical thought the 45 degree demonstrates the Keynesian aggregate demand .It means to using the appropriate fiscal policy if aggregate demand add and reduce the economy fall in inflection pressure. More precisely where output and employment are below their full employment level if government cut tax or higher government expenditure which is increases the aggregate demand. On the other hand where output and employment are at their full employment level if government increase tax or decrease government expenditure in this situation demand- pull inflationary pressures are exists. Therefore the aggregate demand management will maintain the economy at close to full employment equilibrium both unemployment and inflection need be a problem. The graphs show that if aggregate demand fall a positive demand shock occurred at full employment equilibrium position (Ye) and meanwhile inflationary gap existed in economy. Conversely the 45 degree aggregate demand says that the unemployment and inflection not appeared in same time. In the late 1950s Philips curve more purify the Keynesian thought. In 1958 Professor A.W.Philips illustrated a statistical relationship between unemployment and inflection The Philips curve shows the inverse relationship between unemployment rates and inflection. It argued that if government wants to reduce unemployment it has to accept higher inflation as a trade off. The graphs shows that if unemployment rates fall (1.5% to 1%) inflation rates up (2 to 4%)S Although in 1970s the Philips curve was unable to explain the problem of unemployment and inflection which is going up together stagflation. In mean while time two economists Milton Friedman and Edwards Phelps appeared with monetarism theory that able to show concurrently inflection and unemployment based on expectations augmented Philips curve. Monetarism Professor Friedman argued that there were a series of different Philips curve for each level of expected inflection. He persuaded that when government injects resources into the economy once again the unemployment fall in short-term but there would occurred high inflation. As a result people expected inflection to occur then they would anticipate and expected a correspondingly higher wage rise. The graph revealed that unemployment below Un to U* the series of Philips curve (SRPC1) moved alone with inflation rates zero to 4% because the expectation has been changed and people adept new rates. But Friedman failed to long term unemployment related with inflation rates which is elaborated by New Classical viewed. New Classical Thought Robert Locus who is one of the new classical economist argued that announced and unannounced fiscal and monetary policy are affected on out and employment because of natural rate of unemployment will alter the equilibrium and this thought actually expand the rational expectation. The graph shows without short term reduction of unemployment (Un to U*) rational agent would anticipated an inflationary environment. New Keynesian Thought The new Keynesian thought wrecked the long run Philips curve which is breakdown by Friedman depends on NAIRU (Non Accelerating inflation rates of unemployment). In Behavioural theory George Akerlof argued at the low level of inflation permanent trade off between inflation and unemployment because low inflation not silent. In the diagram shows when unemployment fall from U a silent inflation becomes higher. Furthermore according New Keynesian point of view real wage rate could establish long unemployment equilibrium. The diagram exposed that a higher market clearing efficiency wage paid consequent unemployment (N2-N1) whereas aggregated demand shock shifting the labour demand curve which is lead the unemployment ( N2 to N3). Most Satisfactory Explanation on nature of European Unemployment The classical thought believed that supply automatically creates full employment and efficient market economy drive the unemployment problem where a little need of government interference. But 1929-33 great depression pushed the European unemployment rates to unprecedented level and whole economy collapsed. Country 1921-29 1930-38 United States 7.9 26.1 United Kingdom 12 15.4 France 3.8 10.2 Germany 9.2 21.8 The table shows the percentage of unemployment rates of European countries during depression period. In 1930-38 USA enjoyed high Unemployed rates 26.1% The depression eventually gave to raise the Cambridge economist John Maynard Keynes thought and he identified the root of the problem as a lack of aggregated demand. He explained that if aggregate demand fall the economy were hit by adverse shocks which create a fall the business confidence where Says law would failed to hold as firms cut investment, output and employment and this process could leave the economy in less than full unemployment equilibrium. Moreover a less than full-employment output would find just enough demand for that output and the economy would be stuck in a slump. Keynes suggested that government attempt stabilized the policy for settle the level of output and full employment. Despite the fact that until 1970s the Keynesian aggregate demand management dominated western policymaking the economy in of overheating and facing the inflationary pressured. In1970s inflation rates increase 10% to more the 20%. The graph shows that after 1970 inflation rates in UK and Japan reached at well above 20% whereas USA and France more than 15% abut Germany enjoyed the less inflationary rates. In the mean while time G5 countries were suffered by high unemployment. From the following graphs we can see that in 1970s unemployment rates increased rapidly where full employment appear only 2.5% . In 1970s economy are experienced by rising unemployment and inflation which made together stagflation where Keynesian policy failed to explain the new dilemma. On the other hand Keynesian appeared that most unemployment arise outside labour market but the great depression and early 1980s and 1990s recession Keynesian view unsuccessful to explain Frictional and Structural unemployment. Conversely Friedman views clear the all of Keynesians confusion which is based on expectations augmented Philips curve. Because 1970s stagflation redundant the Philips curve. Whereas Friedman indentified that the cause of inflation is balanced by the natural rate of unemployment and this unemployment occurred inside labour market which should be in microeconomic nature, cause macroeconomic policy not affective in the long run. He also argued the stabilization policy which was driven the Post war boom means it ineffective to maintain the economics at potential GDP and full employments and it should be d estabilized cause economic will stable inherently. Yet Monetarist assumption abandoned the1980s and 1990s recession and in monetarist view labour market are not flexible even though the lack of competitiveness has obsessed the real wage. After all in my point of view the Keynesian school thought likely approach than other school of thought though monetarist would favour to abandon the stagflation. But if we see the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s inflation and unemployment is high but overall GDP rate remarkable. In addition Keynesian view is applicable in recent recession. Recently viewed that the Europe countries aggregated demand fall and lower rates of growth people are less interest to consume which tend to increased unemployment hand .Besides the Keynesian thought not decline fiscal and monetary policy and Labour union power to determined the wage and right. Recent Unemployment and Solution In UK jobless jumped by 43,000 and unemployment reached at 8%. According to IMF survey global financial crisis impact on European output and employment and it increased the recent unemployment. In Germany, UK output falls in significantly which reduced the growth of employment. Moreover labour market flexibility, mainly the higher level of employment protection lean to reduced employment inflow and outflow and declines the labour reallocation. Further more rapid rise of structural unemployment, financial institutions collapse, cutting hours, early retirement tend to increased the Unemployment On the contrary mix labour market policies and flexibilities at firm level gradually employment has adjusted in UK and Germany. It is true that time accounts smooth the Germanys employment whereas government subsides decreased the working time. But wage flexibility and government support help to surpass the UK unemployment. Conclusion As final point unemployment is a major problem in the world economy. It is very difficult to bring down equilibrium position if it is not stop to increase at the first place and in the long run unemployed not able to participate in labour market. Therefore, government should initiate the improving labour market by increasing work incentives, reforming the operation house market and trade union.

The Journey From Education To Unemployment

The Journey From Education To Unemployment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The jobs-skills mismatch in the country has been in existence since 1965. It was observed by experts following an imbalance of manpower training and manpower need (Bernardino, 1965, pp 3-4) and a great number of unemployed with college degrees (Limcaco, 1965, p. 8). It was reiterated in the 1970 report of the PresidentiaCommission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) that found a mismatch between students college courses and the training required by the world of work (Santamaria, 1979). The prevalent mismatch between the educational system and the employment sector is a continuing concern in the country. The conduct of the National Manpower Summit and National Human Resource Conference in 2006 and 2007 respectively, which were spearheaded by DOLE and attended by various stakeholders, identified the gaps between supply of the labor workforce and market demand. These yielded several recommendations. Through personal interviews with the top management of various stakeholders such as DOLE, ECOP, TESDA, PMAP and other companies and employers, the team was able to gather comparative data to reinforce the presence of the mismatch. The facts are supported by figures in the websites. The study recognizes that the aggregate supply of graduates is greater than the market demand thereby resulting to unemployment or underemployment. This is where the mismatch occurs. The study identified three levels of mismatch: 1) on the number of graduates vs. the number of jobs available; 2) on the quality of graduates vs. industry expectations; and 3) on the skills acquired vs. skills required. The jobs-skills mismatch is greatly influenced by the macro environmental factors, namely; social, political, economic and technological. Included among the Social factors are high population growth and an increasing incidence of poverty. This high population growth cancels out the effect of economic growth particularly the creation of jobs to absorb the excess labor supply. As regards political factors, there is no central organization that brings all the stakeholders (Employers, Employees, Sector groups, NGOs etc.) under one umbrella to make sure that all the stakeholders work together. Also, there is a lack of government program to inform the potential workforce on the requirements of the market (i.e. what courses to take, what skills are needed, etc.). On economic factors, higher levels of sustained economic growth is needed to reduce the unemployment and underemployment rate. And finally, technological factors, educational institutions should acquire modern advanced technology t o match the requirements of the rapidly changing and the emerging industries. This paper proposes short and long term possible solutions to address the mismatch. Some of these recommendations are the conduct of National conference involving employer groups such as ECOP and PCCI as well as captains of industries to draw up one united and uniform comprehensive plan; creation of Human Resource Development; Partnership between education institutions and industries; and creation of National Curriculum Research Institute that will constantly study and review current curricula, develop and recommend revisions among others. In the evaluation of the education institutions and the industries, there is a significant mismatch between what the institutions produce and what the market demands. The jobs-skills mismatch is a major contributing factor in the unemployment rate in the country. Hence, addressing mismatch could remarkably decrease unemployment rate. More active participation and stricter intervention of the government is needed to address the mismatch problem in the country. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study seeks to: Examine the system of supply and demand of the labor workforce in the country; Identify the causes and effects of the jobs-skills mismatch; and Come up with recommendations in filing the gap between the supply and demand. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The scope of this study is limited to the mismatch in the Philippines job market. It focuses on the mismatch between the number of graduates in each course and the number of vacancies in each industry in the country. For the purpose of this study, let us clearly define that the skill acquired is the vocational course or college while the skill required is the job vacancy. METHODOLOGY The sources of information of the study are composed of two methods the primary and the secondary method. For the primary method, the team conducted interviews with the different key personalities of various stakeholders, i.e. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), the Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP) and Peoples Marketing Association of the Philippines (PMAP). The team used the same set of questions to test if the interviews will yield similar findings. For the secondary method, the team used company manuals, statistics and data gathered from the internet and other studies previously conducted by different individuals and groups on jobs-skills mismatch. DETAILED REPORT INTRODUCTION The jobs-skills mismatch in the country has been in existence since 1965. It was observed by experts following an imbalance of manpower training and manpower need (Bernardino, 1965, pp 3-4) and a great number of unemployed with college degrees (Limcaco, 1965, p. 8). It was reiterated in the 1970 report of the PresidentiaCommission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) that found a mismatch between students college courses and the training required by the world of work (Santamaria, 1979). The conduct of the National Manpower Summit in 2006 and 2007 initiated by DOLE identified the gaps and made several recommendations. Government restructuring or the creation of a single government agency to address employment concerns is one of the common solutions recommended by various employment stakeholders. It is supported by the study of TESDA in their papers Skills development and recognition in Asia and the Pacific. An HRD Central Agency will be established to develop policies and programs for the establishment of a strong HRD sector in the government. According to the paper of Andrew Gonzales entitled Higher Education, Brain Drain and Overseas employment in the Philippines-Toward a differetiated set of solution, the Philippine case of mismatch between the manpower needs of the country and the output of the higher education system is an example of interlocking conflicts. Data show concrete indication of the gap between our educational system and the employment sectors. In 2010 alone, only 82% of the new graduates are new hires, 18.5% of the college graduates are among the unemployed and as of 2010, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) identified 54, 417 job vacancies. One of the notable causes of mismatch is the lack of infomration by families and individuals in the labor market requirements. Because of this, institutions may have provided the graduates the skills that are not necessarily required by the market. MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS EMPLOYERS CONFEDERATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (ECOP) The Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP) is the single voice for the entire business community in the country on important national issues related to employment, industrial relations, labor issues and related social policies. ECOP was born on September 10, 1975. Before ECOP, the business sector and employers in the country were represented by two major business organizations, namely: the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP); and the Philippine Chamber of Industries (PCI). The creation of ECOP made tripartism a reality, with the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) representing a labor sector, and the Department of Labor and Employment and the other agencies as the state instrumentality. On May 1, 1978, the government through Presidential Letter of Instruction (LOI) 688 recognized ECOP as the single voice of employers, to be consulted by the government, together with labor, in the promulgation of a scheme which would promote and sustain an adequacy machinery for cooperation between labor and management at approapriate levels of the enterprise. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE) The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) started as a small bureau in 1908. It became a department on December 8, 1933 with the passage of Act 4121. The DOLE is the national government agency mandated to formulate and implement policies and programs, and serve as the policy-advisory arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment. It consists of the Office of the Secretary, 7 bureaus, 6 services, 16 regional offices, 12 attached agencies and 38 overseas offices with a full manpower complement of 9,806. It operates on a current budget of Php 6.618 B and ranks 14th out of 21 departments. The vision and mission are consistent with the Platform and Policy Pronouncements on Labor and Employment of President Benigno S. Aquino IIIs administration, herein referred to as the 22-Point Labor and Employment Agenda, the DOLE is the lead agency mandated to develop the competencies and competitiveness of Filipino workers, to deliver employment facilitation services for full and decent employment, and to promote industrial peace based on social justice. It serves more than 38.51 million workers comprising the countrys labor force , including the 3.62 million temporary migrants working in about 215 destinations worldwide . The DOLE clients include trade unions, workers organizations and employers and/or employers groups (i.e., ECOP, chambers of commerce and industries, TUCP, FFW, etc). There are 123 existing Tripartite Industrial Peace Councils or TIPCs (13 regional, 44 provincial, and 66 city/municipal) and 128 existing Industry Tripartite Councils (46 regional, 48 provincial and 34 city/municipal) serving as mechanisms for social dialogue in addressing labor and employment issues. The DOLE also maintains linkages with non-government organizations (NGOs), government agencies, the academe, partner international organizations (e.g., ILO, IOM, IMO, UNDP, UNICEF), and with the international community, particularly the host countries where our OFWs are based. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DepEd) Education in the Philippines has undergone several stages of development from the pre-Spanish times to the present. In meeting the needs of the society, education serves as focus of emphases/priorities of the leadership at certain periods/epochs in our national struggle as a race. The DepEd was transformed from the former Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education (DepEd) and redefining the role of field offices (regional offices, division offices, district offices and schools). RA 9155 provides the overall framework for (i) school head empowerment by strengthening their leadership roles and (ii) school-based management within the context of transparency and local accountability. The goal of basic education is to provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge, and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens. COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) The CHED was created on May 18, 1994 as an attached agency to the Office of the President for administrative purposes. The creation of CHED was part of a broad agenda of reforms on the countrys education system outlined by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) in 1992. Part of the reforms was the trifocalization of the education sector into three governing bodies. The CHED for tertiary and graduate education, the DepEd for basic education and the TESDA for technical-vocational and middle level education. TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (TESDA) The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) was established through the enactment of Republic Act No. 7796 otherwise known as the Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994, which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on August 25, 1994. This Act aims to encourage the full participation of and mobilize the industry, labor, local government units and technical-vocational institutions in the skills development of the countrys human resources. The merging of the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC) of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). The Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE) of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and The Apprenticeship Program of the Bureau of Local Employment (BLE) of the DOLE gave birth to TESDA. The fusion of the above offices was one of the key recommendations of the 1991 Report of the Congressional Commission on Education, which undertook a national review of the state of Philippine education and manpower development. It was meant to reduce overlapping in skills development activities initiated by various public and private sector agencies, and to provide national directions for the countrys technical-vocational education and training (TVET) system. Hence, a major thrust of TESDA is the formulation of a comprehensive development plan for middle-level manpower based on the National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan. This plan shall provide for a reformed industry-based training program that includes apprenticeship, dual training system and other similar schemes. TESDA is mandated to: Integrate, coordinate and monitor skills development programs; Restructure efforts to promote and develop middle-level manpower; Approve skills standards and tests; Develop an accreditation system for institutions involved in middle-level manpower development; Fund programs and projects for technical education and skills development; and Assist trainers training programs. At the same time, TESDA is expected to: Devolve training functions to local governments; Reform the apprenticeship program; Involve industry/employers in skills training; Formulate a skills development plan; Develop and administer training incentives; Organize skills competitions; and Manage skills development funds. Overall, TESDA formulates manpower and skills plans, sets appropriate skills standards and tests, coordinates and monitors manpower policies and programs, and provides policy directions and guidelines for resource allocation for the TVET institutions in both the private and public sectors. Today, TESDA has evolved into an organization that is responsive, effective and efficient in delivering myriad services to its clients. To accomplish its multi-pronged mission, the TESDA Board has been formulating strategies and programs geared towards yielding the highest impact on manpower development in various areas, industry sectors and institutions. PEOPLE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (PMAP) PMAP is strictly profesional, non-stock, not for profit organization of over 1,800 member companies and individual management executives engaged or interested in Human Resource Management and IR works. UNIVERSAL ACCESS OF COMPETITIVENESS AND TRADE (UACT) U-ACT is a private sector-led, non-stock, non-profit, advocacy and research think-tank, affiliated with the PCCI primarily focused on issues relating to trade policy making, trade negotiations and agreements, economic, sectoral and human resource competitiveness. U-ACT is the driver of private sector in the conduct of trade policy and economic competitiveness activities by, analyzing trade policies and agreements, championing institutional reforms, and developing strategic interventions for economic, industry, and economic reforms and adjustment measures. Through established linkages with industry, government and the academe, U-ACT is able to provide the policy and operational support to bring forth measures that enhances the competitiveness of local production networks resulting to economic reforms that will enable global market access of Philippine goods and services. It also provides the structure to develop information and monitoring systems and capacity-building for trade negotiations, making private sector a better-informed group and take advantage of opportunities from trade liberalization. U-ACT is an independent think tank providing proactive, credible, balanced economic and trade competitiveness advocacy, research and training services to Philippine private sector. PHILIPPINE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES (PCCI) The Chamber movement in the Philippines has been in a constant state of evolution for over a century. One can say that the eminent position now being enjoyed by the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) in the business community traces its raison d etre from a history interwoven into our nations own history of economic, political and social upheavals. The roots of the Chamber Movement can be traced to the 1890s with the formation of the Camara de Comercio de Filipinas. This organization was composed mainly of Spanish companies such as the Compania General de Tobacco de Filipinas, the Fabrica de Cervesa San Miguel and Elizalde Y Cia, among others. This was followed by the creation of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP) in 1903, shortly after the countrys turnover to the United States. The rise of industries in the 1950s created the need for several industry groups to organize an association that would represent their interests and concerns amid the changing panorama of the economy. Thus, the Philippine Chamber of Industry (PCI) was formed. In July 1978, the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP) and the Philippine Chamber of Industry (PCI) merged to give birth to a single, unified private sector organization called the PHILIPPINE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (PCCI). That same year, by virtue of Letter of Instruction no. 780, then President Ferdinand E. Marcos recognized the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry as the sole official representative and voice of the entire private business community. MACRO ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Social Factors attributing to mismatch High population growth and increasing incidence of poverty are some of the main factors for the mismatch in job market. The problem is aggravated when the rate of economic growth is less than the rate of population growth. High population growth led to repeated pregnancy which lowers the women participation in labor force. Higher number of children in a family with low-income level makes it difficult for the family to send all the children for higher education. Less dense populated provinces dont have good schools which results in less skilled workforce. Political Factors attributing to mismatch There is no central organization which brings all the stakeholders (Employers, Employees, Sector groups, NGOs etc.) under one umbrella and makes sure that all the stakeholders work together, are heard and have ownership. Also, there is a lack of government program to inform the potential workforce on the requirements of the market (i.e. what courses to take, what skills are needed, etc.) Labor code and existing work-related laws have not been reassessed and reviewed to adapt to the changing times. Government spending on Education is increasing (Annexure-Chart1) but major portion (approx 89%) of that goes to the maintenance of DepEd, wages etc. There is only small portion left for the improvement of infrastructure of existing schools or opening new schools. Economic Factors attributing to mismatch According to ECOP, the reduction of chronic unemployment and under- employment is not possible without higher levels of sustained growth. For families with low-income it is very difficult to send their children to attend costly courses. Further, low income individuals consider the duration of course as a major factor in the decision making as he cant afford to spend couple of years without any income. To ensure quality of learning, the quality of teaching must be met. Due to low salary, teachers of high quality choose to work abroad for higher salary. With low-quality of teachers one cannot produce quality workforce with proper skill set. Chronic unemployment and jobless growth also add to the problem of mismatch. Source: ECOP Problem of shrinking/stagnant formal sector and expanding informal sector must be addressed in order to tackle the mismatch problem. Source: ECOP Technological Factors attributing to mismatch In a fast changing world where technology and required skill-sets are changing very rapidly, it is very difficult for the schools and training institutes to match the requirement of the employers because they do not possess the modern advanced technology and the cost to invest in new technology infrastructure. Also sometimes the improvement in technology or processes in an organization led to reduction in the workforce. SUPPLY The Educational Institutes: To effectively fulfill the current and future needs of the economy, human resources must be competitive and must possess updated skills. Qualified skilled human resources must be available at the right place, at right time and at the right quantity and quality to meet the changing demands of the economy. Major Supply issues in Philippines are: Jobsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ skills mismatch English, Communication and Information Technology (IT) Skills Gap Brain drain Over supply of Nurses Supply of Skilled Workers Supply of Professionals Deparment of labour and empolyment had publised below Statistics vide its publication Labour Market monitor: For period 3rd Quarter of 2010, the cumulative total of professionals registered with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) stood at 3,090,120. The top professions consisted of the following: By specific occupation, the top ten occupations in terms of the average number of registered applicants consisted of the following, accounting for more than three fourths (38.7%) of the total registrants during the reference period: DEMAND The Employers: Major Demand issues are: Retaining the best talents Medical tourism to generate employment for nurses Positioning The Philippines as a Creative Hub As shown in the table below are the average numbers of occupational vacancy available with the percentage share: The GAP between Demand and Supply: According to DOLE, the following are the in demand and hard to fill occupations in key employment generators from 2010 to 2015: INDUSTRY IN-DEMAND HARD-TO-FILL 1. AGRIBUSINESS Animal Husbandry, Agriculture, Economist, Aqua-culturist, coconut farmer, entomologist (plant), farmer (fruit, vegetable and root crops Feed Processor and Food Technician, Fishery technologist 2. CYBER SERVICES 3. HEALTH AND WELLNESS Nurse, Horologist, Optician, Optometrist Doctor, Physical Therapist, Pharmacist, Medical Technologist, Laboratory Technician 4. HOTEL AND RESTAURANT TOURISM Front Office Agent / Attendant, Baker /Food server /Waiter/Other House keeping Cook 5. MINING Geologist, Mining Engineer, Geodetic Engineer, Metallurgical Engineer 6. CONSTRUCTION Fabricator/Pipe Fitter/Welder Engineer (Civil, Electrical, Design) 7. BANKING AND FINANCE Operations Manager/Teller Accounting Clerks, Book Keepers, Auditors 8. MANUFACTURING Electrical, Technicians, Food technologist, Machine Operators, Sewers Chemist, Electrical engineer, Industrial engineer, IT specialist, machinist, Mechanical engineers, Mechanical Technicians, Chemical engineer 9. OWNERSHIP DWELLINGS AND REAL STATE Building Manager, Construction Manager, Construction worker, foreman, Mason, welder, real estate agents/brokers, Marketer Civil engineer, Mechanical engineer, Surveyor, Architect 10. TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS Checker, Maintenance mechanics, Stewards Gantry operator, Ground engineer, Heavy equipment operator, Long haul driver, operator, Pilot, Transport and Logistics Machinery, operator, aircraft mechanic and other related skills. Broadly, the DOLE survey defined hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations as job vacancies for which an establishment has encountered difficulties in managing the recruitment process. Reasons may include no applicants, applicants lack of experience, skill or license, preference for working abroad, seeking higher salary or problem with location and other reasons. The inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations refer to active occupations/job vacancies posted/advertised recurrently by and across industries/establishments. DEMAND versus SUPPLY: 1. Agriculture and Fishery Sector Inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations with limited supply of certified workers are horticulturists and fisherman. 2. Cyber services Shortages of supply are seen in animators (clean up artists, 3D animators, multimedia artist among others) .This scenario on animators is attributed to the continuous flight of workers to overseas (Singapore, Australia, US etc.) 3. Health and Wellness Nurses are shifting careers to become call centers agents because of the difficulty in finding jobs abroad, particularly in the United States, which has recently imposed visa restrictions. The United States will be more open to nurses because of its new law on expanded insurance coverage, which will drive the health care industry to create job opportunities for health workers like nurses. 4. Mining The mining industry is currently showing potential for job opportunities. This sector requires intervention, particularly in the academic and technical areas. This is evident as hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations for the sector is mostly professional. These include geologist, mining engineer, geodetic engineer, and metallurgical engineer. 5. Construction The sectors inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations include fabricator, pipe fitter and welder. These welders are Shielded Metal Arc Welder (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welder (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welder/TIG Welder (GTAW). However, very limited supply is seen in Submerged Arc Welder (SAW), Gas Oxyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Acetylene Welder, and Flux Cored Arc Welder. 6. Banking and Finance Under the sector of Health, Social and other Community Services is Banking and Finance. This sector listed inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand and hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations from the professional group. Among the inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations are operations manager and tellers which are graduates of Banking and Finance or Business Management courses. Hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations include accounting clerks, bookkeepers, cashier, auditor, accountant, credit card analyst, finance analyst/specialist and risk management officer/manager. 7. Manufacturing The manufacturing sector includes critical skills such as machine operators, lathe operators, bench workers/fitters, technicians, machinists, sewers, and tailors among others. Machine Operator (Press worker) also an inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupation has no available manpower supply. 8. Dwellings and Real Estate The sector identified building manager, construction manager, construction worker, foreman, mason, welder and real estate agents/broker as inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations. Professional occupations such as civil engineer, mechanical engineer, surveyor and architect are among the hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ to fill occupations for the sector. 9. Transport and Logistics The transport and logistics sectors which cut across construction and mining industries identified checker, maintenance mechanics and stewardess as inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations. Maintenance mechanics with occupational title such as automotive senior technician, automotive air-conditioning technician, automotive electrician, and automotive LPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fuel technician among others have very limited supply of 21 certified workers. 10. Wholesale and Retail Trade The wholesale and retail trade industry continues to thrive in the country as general economic outlook improves and consumer spending rises. As more wholesale and retail enterprises are established, more job opportunities are provided. Problem arising due to mismatch Skill mismatch makes labor market inefficient and imperfect. Job hiring and seeking become expensive. Many vacancies and job openings remain opened. This results in increased unemployment and also hampers the growth of business and the economy of the country. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS In the evaluation of the education institutions and the industries, there is a significant mismatch between what the institutions produce and what the market demands. The jobs-skills mismatch is a major contributing factor in the unemployment rate in the country. Hence, addressing mismatch could remarkably decrease unemployment rate. One of the causes of the mismatch is the lack of coordination between educational institutions and industry leaders. As a result, institutions produce more graduates that are not needed in the market. The setting up of a department that would link the education institutions to the industry could be a big step in addressing the mismatch. However, mismatch does not only happen when the labor workforce acquire skills that are not required by the market. Mismatch also occurs in the quality of skills that the graduates acquired vis a vis the demand of the industries. Graduates dont usually possess other skills that industries require interpersonal, communication, and leadership. More active participation and stricter intervention of the government is needed to address the mismatch problem in the country. The intention is simply to make the equation EDUCATION = EMPLOYMENT works. RECOMMENDATIONS After a careful review and analysis of available data, the team came up with the following recommendations: Short Term: In the short term, separate existing initiatives done in the area of addressing the mismatch by public as well as private entities can be consolidated with government taking the lead by way of bringing together various agencies like the Department of Education (DEPED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the Department of Labor in Industry (DOLE), the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) to spearhead a national conference involving employer groups such as ECOP and PCCI as well as captains of industries to draw up one united and uniform comprehensive plan. Long term: 1) A Department of Human Resource Development shall be established. This department will ensure linkage between the education and labor sectors. It shall formulate, among others, an employment plan which will serve as a guide for the education sector on what skills to produce to match the skills required by the industries. 2) Establishment of a central accreditation or re

Gender and Our Judicial System Essay -- Law

The ambiguous language and aim of the constitution has allowed for numerous interpretations of the law. There have been several instances, where our limited perception and interpretation of the constitution has warranted change due to cases that do not fit the ruling party’s ideology of equality. In those cases, we amended our constitution and included clear diction to award rights to those subjected to subordination, so in going forward a clear distinction would not allow room for interpretations that perpetuated further discrimination. Over the course of history, we have followed this path to incorporate our societies changing paradigm that was dissimilar to our founding fathers’. Interestingly so, the rights they deemed as inalienable are the ones that have required a clear distinction in order for them to apply to all. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a necessary requirement for women as well as others who are subject to sex-based discrimination. Although the rights of women are somewhat protected by the constitution, without the clear diction of the ERA, those who face this type of discrimination, are left in a precarious position. The passage of the ERA would necessitate pragmatic consequences in judicial equality, highlight the pervasiveness of modern inequality, and enact change in society’s paradigm of equality. The loose interpretation of the notion of gender in our judicial system is subject to filtration through outdated ideologies, stereotypes, and gender bias. As the law currently stands, the interpretation of cases that involve gender or sexual discrimination are filtered through constitutional acts or amendments that only partially protect. An example of this partial protection would be the 14th amendment. T... ...122). Macmillan General Reference. Sexism in language. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.upou.edu.ph/gender/gender_fair. Lithwick, D. (2011, June 20). Class dismissed. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/06/class_dismissed.html Terkel, A. (2011). Scalia: Women don't have constitutional protection against discrimination. Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/scalia-women-discrimination-constitution_n_803813.html Cotter, D., Hermsen, J., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Informally published manuscript, University of North Carolina, North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/papers/CotterHOV01.pdf Wood, J. T. (2008). Gendered lives, communication, gender, and culture. (8th ed.). Wadsworth Pub Co. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Â § 1

Bennets The Executioner :: Bennet Executioner

Bennet's The Executioner   Ã‚  Ã‚   "I am the executioner. When the crime is committed and the Lord God does not take vengeance nor does the exalted State move to declare and then to punish, I say when these bitter events happen, then comes the time for the executioner to declare himself or herself as the case may be. I have waited long enough. So the time has come, and I declare myself the executioner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three criminals are hereby sentenced to death. By fire. By earth. By water."   Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the direct and powerful quote taken from the novel, The Executioner. It explains the basic plot of the story of the one word that every man fears: Revenge. The Executioner was written by the Canadian born author, Jay Bennett. The strengths and weaknesses of this report will be discussed in detail, and the plot of this murder, suspense, and horror story are revealed. The plot will be discussed, for easier comprehension of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚   This plot begins when Bruce , an 18 year old high school boy was at a bar with his best friend Raymond, and a few other friends named Ed, and Elaine. Unfortunately, Bruce got intoxicated, but still decided to drive the others home from the bar. On the way home, Bruce began arguing with Ray, (the only sober one), and the car was steered of the road into a tree. Raymond was killed by the accident. However, everyone thought that Bruce was not intoxcated at the time, and the car just accidentally swerved off to the side.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the next chapters, Bruce keeps facing the guilt of killing Ray, and tries to admit to everyone that he did. No one believes him though, and think's he's just making up the story to cover the guilt up. This carrries on for a while, and Bruce feels even more depressed. A few days later, a mysterious man, (the executioner) comes into the bank, and takes out a letter (The one at the introduction of the review) and says, "The first shall die by fire."   Ã‚  Ã‚   The next thing the story shows is a scene in a building, where Ed and Bruce are walking. All of a sudden, Ed is trapped in a room, which is set

Flanking in a Price War Article Summary Essay -- Economics Prices Econ

Flanking in a Price War Article Summary The article begins by giving a brief analysis of a study that was conducted in Quebec in the early 1980’s involving the grocery industry. It discusses a point of time before the leader in market share, Steinberg, Inc., initiated a price war. One of the authors of the article, Roger J Calantone, was involved in an experiment with one of the smaller grocery chains, IGA. The experiment was designed to see what IGA should do so as to retain profitability if their main competition launched an all out price war. The main premise was that certain goods, if prices were lowered, would have more favorable price demand elasticity than other goods. This would enable the grocer to not have to slash prices across the board, rather only cut prices on specific goods so as to retain profitability during a price war with the other competitors. During this time, the other competitors combined had dominant market share. The piece gives a background of the Quebec grocery market between 1950 and 1983, and discussed the main players in the market in this time period. It specifically discusses Steinberg, Inc. This grocery chain, as previously mentioned, was the market leader for most of this time until 1980 due to some questionable pricing strategies it had implemented as well as some political changes that occurred in the late 1970’s. The next point of the article was to discuss a pricing experiment IGA and the author chose to follow to help combat a price war initiated by its competitors. The premise of the experiment was to ascertain if certain goods were reduced in price, while others maintained or increased price, what would happen to overall demand elasticity as well as specific goods’ demand elasticity. The goods were divided into two key components and these were: stock-up goods (non-perishable items that could be bought in bulk) and nonstick-up goods (perishable items). The method ology and results of the experiment was discussed in this treatment. The results ultimately fell in favor of IGA and thusly they were able to effectively fight and win a price war with its major competitors in 1983. Pricing Experiment Design The experiment used a â€Å"covariance design within a Bayesian decision framework† to determine that stock-up goods have a different demand elasticity than nonstock-up goods. (Calantone, et al, 1989, p.1) Bayes... ...sis. It also learned that given a price war it could even raise prices of nonstock-up goods to offset the lowering of the stock-up goods prices and not affect the elasticity of demand on the nonstock-up goods in a negative way. What Did I Learn? I learned that in an ogopolistic market it might be wiser to collaborate with competitors rather than aggressively attempt to drive them out of the market. The Steinberg grocery chain, due to its aggressive pricing strategy, effectively cost itself market share and profitability. Rather than engage in this type of behavior, Steinberg should have attempted to remain at market equilibrium as it was the dominant player. They should have considered the ramifications of eliminating competition, and what scenarios could potentially occur if they continued on with their current strategies. Bibliography Calantone, R., Droge, C., Litvack, D., Di Benedetto, C. (1989). Flanking in a Price War. Interfaces, 19, 1-12. Wessels, W.J., Economics (3rd ed.) Joyce, J., "Bayes' Theorem", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/bayes-theorem/>.